Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Loaded with Isoniazid for Enhanced Anti-Mycobacterial Activity
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Background: Tuberculosis remains a major infectious disease worldwide, and the increasing emergence of drug-resistant strains has reduced the effectiveness of conventional treatment strategies. Isoniazid is an important first-line anti-tuberculosis drug; however, resistance development and limited drug delivery remain significant challenges. Nanotechnology-based approaches, particularly green synthesized metal nanoparticles, have gained attention due to their antimicrobial properties and potential to improve drug performance. Objective: The present study aimed to develop a plant-mediated silver nanoparticle formulation loaded with isoniazid and evaluate its physicochemical characteristics, anti-mycobacterial activity, stability, and safety profile for potential application against resistant tuberculosis strains. Methods: Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a green plant extract approach under controlled laboratory conditions. The synthesized nanoparticles were loaded with isoniazid and characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and particle size analysis. The antimicrobial potential of free isoniazid, silver nanoparticles, and isoniazid-loaded silver nanoparticles was evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Drug stability and toxicity assessment were also performed to determine the suitability of the developed formulation. Results: The green synthesis process successfully produced stable silver nanoparticles, confirmed through characteristic optical and structural analyses. The incorporation of isoniazid resulted in increased nanoparticle size and maintained formulation stability. The isoniazid-loaded silver nanoparticles demonstrated stronger anti-mycobacterial activity compared with individual treatments, indicating an improved therapeutic effect through combined nanoparticle and drug action. The formulation showed acceptable compatibility during toxicity evaluation while maintaining antimicrobial effectiveness. Conclusion: The findings suggest that plant-mediated silver nanoparticles loaded with isoniazid may provide a promising strategy for enhancing anti-mycobacterial activity and improving drug delivery against tuberculosis. This nano-based formulation could offer a potential alternative approach for addressing limitations associated with conventional therapy and drug resistance. Further in vivo studies and clinical investigations are recommended to evaluate its therapeutic applicability.
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