Hypertension And Its Associated Factors Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Abstract

Background: Hypertension is the most prevalent cardiovascular comorbidity among patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), substantially increasing the risk of cardiovascular and renal complications. The coexistence of these conditions reflects shared pathophysiological mechanisms including insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. Despite global evidence, district-level data from Pakistan remain limited. Objective: To determine the prevalence of hypertension and identify its associated factors among patients with T2DM attending a secondary-level healthcare facility. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 90 adults with T2DM at DHQ Hospital Sheikhupura. Data were collected using structured interviews, anthropometric measurements, standardized blood pressure assessment, and medical record review. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or current antihypertensive use. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 61.1%. Age >60 years (AOR 2.41; 95% CI 1.01–5.74), diabetes duration >10 years (AOR 2.21; 95% CI 1.00–4.92), obesity (AOR 2.96; 95% CI 1.25–7.01), and poor glycemic control (AOR 2.39; 95% CI 1.01–5.66) were independently associated with hypertension. Smoking and residence were not significant after adjustment. Conclusion: Hypertension is highly prevalent among T2DM patients, with modifiable metabolic factors significantly increasing risk. Integrated screening and risk-based management are essential to reduce cardiovascular burden.